Vietnam, World War I, Opium Wars, Persian Wars, and the Cuban Missile Essay

Vietnam, World War I, Opium Wars, Persian Wars, and the Cuban Missile Crisis - Essay Example Throughout history, the importance of war became a major component of a state's foreign policy as demonstrated by myriad of instances showing armed conflict. In the field of international relation particularly on the concept of conflict versus cooperation, war represents a vital option in one extreme of the dimension. With certain peculiarities of different events involving war, resort to force by a state almost always forms part of the foreign policy a country. When diplomacy, negotiation and other peaceful means of settling dispute fails, war can serve as a remedy to determine the final outcome of conflicting sides in an issue. The discussion in this paper will cover five incidents of interstates wars, namely, (1) the Vietnam War, (2) the Opium War, (3) World War I, (4) the Persian Wars, and (5) the Peloponnesian War. The causes mentioned herein may not be the only reasons for the outbreak of the war or the commencement of the conflict situation discussed but is compelling enough to be considered in the extensive study of the subject matter. Analyzing the above mentioned wars, it can be seen that they share certain similar cause although in a different form or peculiar way. Although, the warring states or the participants involved were diverse, still, there were some that appears common among the wars to be discussed. What is therefore the implication of having different participants for every event of war This means varying interest involved for the reason that the acts of a state is presumed to be in accordance with its interest within the context of its national and international policy. For a better understanding of the causes of the war in those five events and ultimately to support the response to the question of why states go to war, it is imperative to start with a general framework. This general framework will serve as the thesis to the proposition of state engaging in war in the cases herein discussed as well as to the proposition of the difficulty in withdrawing from the war once they resort to violence. From this framework, other supporting analysis will be discussed and expounded in the subsequent pages of this paper. From the ancient war days involving the Peloponnesian war and the Persian wars, down to the economic nature of the Opium war, leading to the large scale conflict in World War I, and finally to the ideologically driven Vietnam War, one thesis stands out why they resorted still to violence to further advance whatever interest they may declare - the Desire for POWER. In the words of realist advocates in international politics, this is appropriately stated as interest defined in the concept of power. Power is defined as the actual or potential influence or coercion a state (or other actors)an assert relative to other actors or non-state actors because of the political, geographic, economic and financial, technological, military, social, cultural or other capabilities it possesses.2 The definition of power involves a variety of interest and generally embodies every aspect of a state's policy from which its capabilities is premised. It is not therefore surprising that the behavior of a state is immensely affected by its desire to increase power or when the power it has is being threatened of reduction. This framework does not confine its operation to states but can also be used in analyzing the behavior of

Ethical and Legal Issues in Health Care Practice and Policy Essay

Ethical and Legal Issues in Health Care Practice and Policy - Essay Example question of abortion, perhaps one of the most controversial topics in the field, has always been a subject of discussion, given its complex legal and ethical implications, pitting health care professionals against each other and against members of the public. Whereas it may be legal for health care practitioners to perform an abortion today, other health care professionals and members of the public still consider it unethical to do so, thereby creating an ethical dilemma in the field (Wallace, Wiegand & Warren 1997, p.586). Apart from that, other ethical dilemmas emerge at the end of life point, when health care professionals have to make the critical decision of switching off the life-support machines to permit death to occur. As if that is not enough, the issues of confidentiality, patient/practitioner relationship as well as matters to do with consent as in the treatment of underage patients often present numerous ethical dilemmas to health care professionals (Greenwood, 2014). Th is paper explores the ethical and legal issues that are relevant to health care practice and policy while incorporating critical application of selected theoretical perspectives applicable to ethics in health. Relevant ethical arguments and legal perspectives will be applied to a specific practice situation in reference to the adult learning theory of Knowles (1990). Eventually, this paper will explore the issue related to ethical and legal issues in health care incorporating professional body guidance (NMC code) and legal acts, as well as the views of theorists and philosophers. The term â€Å"ethics† has been conceptualized as â€Å"social values†, â€Å"morals† or â€Å"principles† that enable people in distinguishing between the acceptable and unacceptable social behaviour (Corning 2002, p.6); ethical values form the basis for social interaction because they are deeply entrenched in people. Health care professionals need to know ethical standards or principles and the professional

New Technologies for Gas Turbine Blades

New Technologies for Gas Turbine Blades After second world war, gas turbine became an important technology for its application in aerospace and industrial sectors. At the origin materials used for engine construction are greater incisively. When compared to materials used in compressor and gas turbine- blades. But could not endure more than few hours at then relatively modest temperatures and low power settings; then again reliability and thermodynamics efficiency were comparatively low,so it bringing out some accidents stimulating damage to parts and harms to the people In this report, new technologies for increasing the functioning, reliability and emission in gas turbine blades referable improvements materials, are discussed and executed. Introduction: The gas turbine engine is a machine bearing mechanical energy using gaseous fluent. Its an internal combustion engine as though the reciprocating petrol and disel engines with the major deviation that the working fluent through the gas turbine ceaselessly and not intermittent.the uninterrupted flow of the working fluid needs the compression, heat intake, and expansion to take place in distinguish parts. Since that cause a gas turbine consists of various parts work unitedly and contemporized ready to accomplish production of mechanical energy in caution of industrial purpose, or force, when those machines are used for aerospace purposes.[4],[5] C:UsersSenthilDesktopCapture.PNG Components location of typical gas turbine Throughout gas turbine procedure, air is carried from the atmosphere and is absorbed by the first row of compressor blades. From time to time the working liquid receives mechanical energy from the compressor getting that pressure and temperature increase rapidly. In this special moment ,air accepts proper condition to be send combustion chamber; parts responsible for mixing the incoming air with fuel, producing combustion and high temperature -flue-gases with temperature adequate to 1400 °-1500 °C.the accomplishment of that high window temperature intends that material and design of those components requires special branch; ascribable the area settled between combustion chamber exit and the turbine s intake is considered as the most reasonable and ambitious desire for gas turbine technology.[4],[5] Temperature and pressure profile in gas turbine While flue gases have down from the combustion chamber , they driven to the turbine rows; parts responsible for distilling power from gases in form of mechanical-rotational energy, which drive the compressor and developing extra energy to drive system or generating force. Afterwards, flue gases are freed to the atmosphere through the existing nozzle and its having a temperature about 550 °C.[5] Operating conditions for turbine blades: In gas turbine manufacture, the blade of the high pressure turbine has recede the highest care of the research workers since the challenge it provides. The power to run at growingly high gas temperatures has resulted from a combining of material improvements and the growth of more advanced arrangements for inner and outer cooling system; for example at present high pressure turbine blades experience compressed air bled from the compressor and its came in to the turbine blades although little holes drilled on them, with the aim to establish a covering layer on the border of the blades and assured that hot flue gases fired directly.[4] High pressure turbine blades with internal cooling Material used in gas turbine blades: Advanced gas turbine have the most modern and convoluted technology in all faces; construction materials are not the exclusion referable their extreme operating conditions. Because it has been noted before, the most hard and challenging point is the one settled at the turbine inlet, because, there are various difficulties related to it; like utmost temperature (1400 °C-1500 °C),high pressure, high rotational speed, vibration, small circulation area, and so forth. The aforesaid hasten features produces effects on the blades that are demonstrated on the table.[2] Table shows asperity of the several surface-related problems for gas turbine application Ready to overcome those barriers, gas turbine blades are made using advanced materials and modern alloys (super alloys) that contains adequate to ten significant alloying elements, only its microstructure is very simple; comprised of rectangular blocks of stone piled in a regular align with narrow circles of cement to hold them together. the material (cement) has been changed since in the past,intermetallic form of titanium employed in it, but now days titanium was replaced by tantalum.[3] This change gave afforded high temperature strength, also improved high resistance. Still, the greatest change has happened in the nickel, where high degree of tungsten and rhenium are present. These elements are very efficient in solution strengthening.[3] After 1950 s the evolution from moulded to conventionally cast to directionally solidified to single crystal turbine blades has conceded a 250 °C rise in allowable metal temperatures. On other side cooling developments have repeated this value in terms of turbine entry gas temperature. An important recent part has come from the alignment of the alloy grain in the single crystal blade, which has appropriated the elastic properties of the material to be controlled very closely. so these properties successively control the natural frequency of the blade[2] If metallurgical development can be tapped by reducing the cooling air quantity this is a potentially important performance foil, as for example the Rolls-Royce engine employs about 5% of compressor air to cool its row of high pressure turbine blades. On other side single crystal alloy, is able to campaign about 35 °Chotter than its precursor. Its seem a small increase, but it has permitted the course intermediate pressure turbine blade to stay uncooled[2] : Capture1.PNG CES GRAPH FOR MATERIAL SELECTION DENSITY VS PRICE Capture mcpvs thermal.PNG FATIGUE STRENGTH VS THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY Capture2.PNG Continuing Development: In the past several decades, thermally deposited ceramic coatings on metallic turbine blades have look turbine engine to operate at higher temperature,and agreeing to the law of thermodynamics, higher efficiencies.[6] Ceramic thermal barrier coating have got improved performance in turbines engines for propulsion and also for power generation. Enforcing a coating of refractory insulation ceramic to metal turbine blades and vanes allows the engine to run at higher temperature as belittling hurtful effects on the metal blades.[1] On going, an advance in high-tech materials is allowing even more opportunities in these areas. By mixing these new materials with a adept understanding of coating engineering precepts and application technologies, coating industries will be able to extend an additional performance improvements in the future. To amend coating performance, various engineering concepts must be believed concerning the quality of the ceramic coating. First, the coating material should be selected so that it is refractory enough to protest the higher temperature at the surface and have a low bulge thermal conductivity to derogate heat transfer to the metallic blade below. in adequate ,the thermal expansion of selected material should nearly match that of the metallic substratum to understate potential stresses.Yttria stabilized Zirconia(YSZ) is the manufacture standard first generation coating material are applying nowadays[1]. However, in second generation coating must have grain and pore structure that will minimize thermal-conduction to the metal-ceramic interaction. A low-density coating is normally made using state-of the-art deposition processes and is splendid of allowing an insulating barrier. The coating should have plenty porosity, hence it cuts the thermal conductivity at the same time it adhering to the metal turbine bond-coat layer. Substantial amount of micro structural engineering in thermal barrier coating is ongoing, example of this reality, is the accessibility of double and triple-layered microstructures for special application.[1],[2],[3] At last, the coating should bind to the turbine blade during operation. Failure of the adhesion(spalling) would suddenly disclose the metallic blade to high temperature, doing austere corrosion , settled creep or melting. In general, a metallic bond coat that shows good adhesion to both the metallic turbine and the ceramic coating is enforced. [4] Creation of thermal barrier coatings: It is also significant that the ceramic coating be homogenously used to the surface of the turbine blade. This is accomplished by either ELECTRON BEAM PHYSICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION (EB-PVD) or ARC PLASAMA SPRAYABLE (APS) powder method. [1] EB-PVD is the process presently advocated for high quality coating. In this proficiency a cylindrical metal bar of the coating, material is vapour with an electron beam, and the vapour uniformly condenses on the surface on the turbine blade. One of the significant advantages of the EB-PVD process is the strain-tolerant coating that is developed. This columnar strain-elastic structure is said to cut down the elastic modulus in the flat of coating to values nearing to zero, thereby raising the lifespan in term of flight hours or cycles of the coating. Early advantages of the EB-PVD ceramic coatings admit fantabulous adherence to both polish and crude surfaces. The final coating is also smooth, requiring no surface finishing. Additionally, the vapour deposition sue could not plug air-cooling holes in turbine blades during deposition. [1], [2], [3] Fig 4 Schematic EBPVD process, the entire fabrication would be under vacuum. Rotation of the electron beam is received by magnetic field vertical to the drawing Fig 5 Schematic microstructure of a thermal barrier coating (TBC)obtained by electron beam physical vapour deposition(EBPVD).the columnar microstructure substantially raises the strain resistance and hence this thermal cycling life. In the APS powder application method, the ceramic material is in the form of a flow powder that is fed in to plasma torch and dispersed molten on to the surface of the metallic substrate. Drops of molten material form†³ splats†³ on the metallic substrate. Sprayed coatings have half the thermal conductivity of the EB-PVD coatings and are hence isolators that are more beneficial. [1],[2],[3] Fig 6 Schematic microstructure of thermal spray coating, it shows only a elite layer of particles The †³splats†³ form a thin plate (lamella) structure of thermal coating of fissures with a non-uniform density and pore size. Fig 7. Schematic microstructure of a thermal barrier coating (TBC) received by air plasma spray (APS). In contrast to EB-PVD coatings, APS coatings need a rough deposition surface for adept adhesion. In addition, thermal sprayed coatings are more prostrate to spalling, cutting the operation lifespan of the coating relative to EB-PVD coatings. Thermal -sprayed parts are also not as reclaimable as part coated by EB-PVD since the wide spalling and extrinsic cracking do the APS coated components to be damaged beyond repair. Still the equipment, movability and lower production cost of APS frequently makes the process more commercially attractive than EB-PVD.[1],[2],[3] Importance of the coating source: In the thermal barrier coating job, is significant to believe the material source (block of metal) associates to the quality of the final coating. For example metal bar for EB-PVD must have a high purity (over 99.5%) and a coherent and uniform density and pore structure. If the ingots are too dumb, they will undergo serious thermal shock when they find electron beam. [4] In a ingot of in homogenous density of porosity, closed porosity may exist. In this case, the release of cornered gas may also do spitting of eruptions. Molten patters, when trapped in the coating, will cause defects and potential failure sites. The optimum density for an EB-PVD barrier coating ingot is usually in the range of 60-70% of theoretical density. If the density is lower than the previously mentioned values, the efficiency of the process is reduced. [4] Arc -plasma spray able powder must have a particle size large sufficiency to flow through the plasma torch but not so prominent that the entire particle is not melted coming out of the plasma gun. Inadequate to the composition, the particle size dispersion and flow ability are major considerations for APS thermal spray powder. [4] While YSZ has been the industry standard first generation coating material, it has a number of retreats that block the improvement of thermal barrier coatings. One trouble is its lack of phase stability at high temperatures. Three commonly formed phases gets out in the zirconia-rich section of the zirconia-yttria binary system: cubic, tetragonal and monolithic. Under operation or making conditions, phase transformations can occur that cause mechanical stress and promote sapling or bond coat failure. In addition, although YSZ has a low thermal conductivity (2.4 W/m K), a refractory ceramic material with a lower thermal conductivity than the YSZ would be suitable. If the coating liberally forms and compactness as in service, the thermal conductivity will slightly increase by thermal shock sensitivity. Hence, materials at least as refractory as YSZ are wanted. It can also be difficult to cope with the thermal expansion of YSZ-comprising coatings to the bond coat layer and the metal subs trate. A great allot of research is currently under way of determine improved materials for thermal barrier coatings. Ready to answer to that requirement, a class of lanthanide zircon ate pyrochlorides(Lnà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Zrà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Oà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã¢â‚¬ ¡) [1],[4] These materials have lower thermal conductivity than YSZ (1.5-1.8 W/m k), as well as improved phase stability above a broad range of compositions and temperatures. In action they are less liable than YSZ to sintering during operation, hence showing a thermal expansion agree to the bond-coat layer as adept as of better than YSZ. the decreased thermal conductivity of the coating made with these material could admit the turbine to carry at higher temperature and therefore the efficiency should be increased .it could also permit the turbine blade to stay cooler, checking those thermal processes that conduct to coating failure and increasing utile lifespan of the turbine. Fig 8. Micrographs of Laà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Zrà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Oà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã¢â‚¬ ¡ and YSZ coating 7. Ceramic Matrix Composites (CMCs): Advance increasing in temperature are likely to attain the development of ceramic matrix composites. A number of merely shaped static parts for military and civil applications are in the engine development phase and guide vanes for axial compressors had been produced to demonstrate process potentiality, such proficiencies involve advanced textile handling and chemical vapour infiltration that provide the quality challenge. It will finally appear because the advantages are so high, but it would take much longer to contribute it to an acceptable standard than was anticipated a couple of decades back. [1], [4] Ceramic matrix composites are at cutting edge of advanced material technology since their lightweight, high strength and toughness, high temperature potentialities, and elegant failure under loading. Research work has focused for many years on fibre-reinforced ceramics for this application, as contradicted to monolithic materials, which own enough strength at high temperature but the disable of poor impact resistance. Now commercially available ceramic composites utilize silicon carbide fibres in a ceramic matrix such as silicon carbide or alumina. These materials are able of uncooled operation at temperature up to 1200 °C, hardly outside the capacity of the current best-coated nickel alloy systems. un cooled turbine applications will attain an all oxide ceramic material system, to assure the long-run stableness at the very high temperature in oxidizing atmosphere. An early example of such a system is alumina matrix. To earn the ultimate load carrying capacities at high temperatures, single crystal oxide fibres may be used, giving the opening to operate under temperature of 1400 °C. Higher operating temperatures for gas turbine engines are ceaselessly attempted in order to increase their efficiency. Still operating temperatures increase, the high temperature durability of the components of the engine must correspondingly increase. Substantial advances in high temperatures capacities have been accomplished through preparation of iron, nickel and cobalt-base super alloys. When super alloys have detected broad use for components across gas turbines, options materials have been aimed. Materials holding silicon, particularly those with silicon carbide (SIC) as a matrix material and/or as a reinforcing material are currently being dealt for high temperature applications, such as combustor and some hot section components of gas turbine engines; like combustion chamber, transition duct (which take the combustion products and directs them for the turbine section), the nozzle guide vanes the surrounding cover section and others. CONCLUSION: Gas turbines establish a broad and beneficial choice for power generation used for both, industrial and aerospace applications. This technology calling for better and more reliable materials to use mostly in those section in which temperatures are highly like first row of turbines and combustion chamber. Blades materials for turbine section in gas turbine have encouraged rapidly in last few years. At present, those blades are constructed using special alloys and are protected by some special coats. Those changes are meant to increase the allowed temperature up to 1500 °C without cooling. In this way, overall efficiency increases. Ceramic coating is employed to the surface of the turbine blade using several methods. The most significant ones are ELECTRON BEAM PHYSICAL VAPOUR DEPOSTION (EB-PVD) and ARC PLASMA SPARYABLE (APS) powder method. Like wise the technology aspired to produce better coats, material science is presently working extensile in CERAMIC MATRIX COMPOSITES, organized basically by silicon carbide fibres and special fabrics in order to increase the temperature gap in emplacements specially sensible for gas turbine operation. [1], [2], [3]

Cryptography :: essays research papers

Cryptography is one way you can keep information secure. A person who does not know the method used to change the information to keep it secure cannot copy the method used or reverse the change. The basic components of cryptographic systems are used to encipher (scramble) information so that it is difficult to determine the meaning without the appropriate key or key(s) to decipher (unscramble) the information. The components include cryptographic algorithms (mathematical functions) for enciphering or deciphering information and keys. Symmetric and asymmetric are two examples of cryptographic systems. Symmetric systems use the same key to encipher and decipher. Asymmetric systems generate and use different keys to encipher and decipher a secure key pair. With this key pair, consisting of a public key and a private key, only one key can decipher what the other enciphers. Merely knowing one key does not make it very likely that someone will be able to figure out the other key. Asymmetric key pairs are used in creating digital signatures and transporting symmetric keys. In the past, most encryption systems only used symmetric cryptography. The problem with symmetric cryptography though, is the difficulty encountered in distributing keys to certain people. Since symmetric cryptography uses the same key for enciphering and deciphering, a person has to use creative and difficult means to prevent someone from intercepting the key. If a third party were to intercept the key, they could use it to decipher anything it was used to encipher. A solution to this problem is public key cryptography which uses asymmetric cryptography to transport symmetric keys.

Nike-High End Shoe Market Survey in Bangladesh.Doc

This report was collected from : [email  protected] com 01. INTRODUCTION 1. 1 Consumer Behavior The term consumer behavior is defined as the behavior that consumers display in searching for purchasing, using, evaluating & disposing of products & services that they expect will satisfy their needs. Consumer behavior focuses on how individuals make decisions to spend their available resources (time, money, effort) on consumption related items. That includes what they buy, why they buy it, when they buy it, where they buy it, how often they buy it, how often they use it, how they evaluate it after the purchase and impact of such evaluation on future purchases & disposal. Nike shoes are sold worldwide at high price. People tend to associate high price positively with good quality & maximum performance. Because of the high price, before buying Nike shoes, people undergo extensive information processing, i. e. – ask friends or search the internet to find information about the product. 1. Origin of Report The report has been prepared for Mr. Junaid Khan, faculty at School of Business in North South University as a requirement of MKT344 course. This report is compulsory for students majoring in marketing. 1. 3 Limitations We had faced many obstacles whilst carrying out the survey. Some of the limitations faced were as (a). The survey sample was 50 persons, which was a negligible amount to obtain accurate answer. (b). Peop le were not eager to disclose their true income. (c). The survey was carried out in a posh area of Dhaka city i. . – in Banani, thus leaving a huge number of respondents outside the survey. (d). Some people didn’t read the questionnaire carefully and they gave results which may not reflect their true opinion. 02. RESEARCH STRUCTURE 2. 1 Methodology In preparing this report we have used both qualitative & quantitative method. (a). Primary Data We collected primary data by carrying out a survey on 50 people. In the survey there were 16 questions, all of them close ended. We carried out the survey in three days. (b). Secondary Data We collected secondary data from the retail outlets. We collected a price list of Nike, Reebok & Adidas shoes from these outlets. 2. 2 Questionnaire Design The target sample was set up first before preparing the survey questionnaire. We choose the middle class & upper class educated people as our respondents. That’s why we distributed our questionnaires among the students, faculties & people in North South University. The survey questionnaire was divided in three major parts i. e. – demography, perception about Nike & perceptual mapping of Nike. In the demographic part we asked questions to determine the social class, age group & profession. In the perception section we developed questions in a way to identify consumer perception about Nike itself, usage of Nike & Nike users. In the last part, perceptual mapping we requested the respondents to rank (i. e. – 1, 2, 3 etc) Nike in terms of price, quality & performance compared with other leading brands. Also we asked the respondents to rank features (in order of importance i. e. – 1, 2, 3, 4 etc) that they would consider in buying Nike. 03. WHAT IS PERCEPTION? 3. 1 Perception Perception is defined as the process by which an individual select, organizes & interprets stimuli into a meaningful & coherent picture of the world. It can be described as ‘how see the world around us’. Indeed the study of perception is largely the study of what we subconsciously add to or subtract from raw sensory input to produce our own private picture of the world. Suppose two people being exposed to the same Nike product may perceive differently. One might perceive Nike shoes to be high in performance if he/she is satisfied using it, while the other person may perceive the same Nike shoe having low performance. This proves that perception varies from person to person. 3. 2 Product Positioning The essence of successful marketing is the image that a product or service has in the minds of consumers – that is, its positioning. Positioning is more important to the ultimate success of a product than are its actual characteristics. The core of effective positioning is a unique position that the product occupies in the minds of the consumer. (a). Positioning of Nike itself (1 = Very High, 2 = High, 3 = Average, 4 = Low, 5 = Poor) |1 |2 |3 |4 |5 | |Price |46% |42% |4% |2% |6% | |Brand Image |54% |42% |4% |0% |0% | |Quality |36% |42% |22% |0% |0% | |Satisfaction |26% |40% |30% |4% |0% | |Smartness |30% |42% |18% |2% |8% | (b). Positioning of Nike in terms of users (1 = Strongly Agree, 2 = Agree, 3 = Neutral, 4 = Disagree, 5 = Strongly Disagree) |1 |2 |3 |4 |5 | |Rich People |50% |42% |8% |0% |0% | |Athletes |44% |40% |16% |0% |0% | |Satisfied Past Users |28% |38% |24% |10% |0% | |Brand Loyal C ustomers |30% |38% |20% |4% |8% | (c). Positioning of Nike in terms of use Nike shoes are suitable for ( + 4 = Strongly agree, + 2 = Agree, 0 = Neither agree nor disagree, – 2 = Disagree, – 4 = Strongly Disagree) |+ 4 |+ 2 |0 |- 2 |- 4 | |Only Sport activities |24% |44% |8% |12% |12% | |Only Work activities |8% |12% |42% |16% |22% | |Sports & work |26% |40% |26% |4% |4% | 3. 3 Perception & Purchase Based on perception the consumers purchase intentions occurs. How consumer perceives a product in terms of price, quality & status has a strong influence on purchase intentions & purchase satisfaction. In this section we have figured out only the future purchase intention of consumer about Nike. (a). Perception & Purchase ( + 4 = Definitely, + 2 = Probably, 0 = Uncertain, – 2 = Probably will not, – 4 = Definitely Will not) |+ 4 |+ 2 |0 |- 2 |- 4 | |I will buy Nike next time I buy a shoe |10% |14% |44% |14% |18% | |I will buy a Nike shoe during next 6 months |10 % |4% |36% |18% |32% | |I will recommend others to buy Nike |12% |24% |48% |6% |10% | |I will buy Nike for sports activities |20% |28% |20% |12% |20% | 04. PERCEPTUAL MAPPING 4. 1 Perceptual Mapping The technique of perceptual mapping helps marketers determine just how their products or service appears to consumers in relation to competitive brands on one or more relevant characteristics. It enables them to see gaps in the positioning of all brands in the product or service class and to identify areas in which consumer needs are not being adequately met. 4. 2 Price vs. Quality How consumers perceive the quality of a product is important factor in determining the purchase intention. If the product is not one of high quality the consumer may not be interested in patronizing the product. Besides the quality of a product is a factor that sets the price that consumers are willing to pay. |Fila |Reebok |Puma |Nike |Adidas |Others | |Price |5 |2 |4 |1 |3 |6 | |Quality |5 |3 |4 |1 |2 |6 | [pic] Figure (price vs. quality) From the diagram it is inferred that people perceive Nike as a high priced shoe with high quality. 4. 3 Price vs. Performance How a product is perceived by consumers in terms of performance (output) is a factor that affects the brand equity of the product and influence repeat purchase intention of consumers. If the consumer is not satisfied with the performance of a product, then it is likely that purchase will not be repeated & the manufacturer will not be able to maintain brand loyal customers. | |Fila |Reebok |Puma |Nike |Adidas |Others | |Price |5 |2 |4 |1 |3 |6 | |Performance |4 |2 |5 |1 |3 |6 | [pic] Figure (price vs. performance) From the diagram it seen that Nike is perceived as a high priced shoe with high performance. 05. FINDINGS (a). Demographic Part 01. Gender Male |Female | |66% |34% | 02. Age Group |19-30 |31-45 |>45 | |80% |16% |4% | 03. Marital Status |Married |Unmarried | |8% |92% | 04. Education Level |HSC |A level |Graduate |Post Graduate |Doctoral | |38% |10% |40% |10% |2% | 05. Gross monthly family income (In Taka) |25,000-39,999 |40,000-54,999 |55,000-69,9999 |>70,000 | |30% |22% |20% |28% | 06. Profession Student |Government Service |Private Service |Business |Self Employed | |76% |0% |18% |0% |6% | 07. I live in a |Rented House |Own Apartment |Rented Apartment |Government |Own House |Hostel | | | | |House | | | |16% |26% |16% |6% |32% |4% | 08. I reside in Motijheel |Purana Paltan |Segunbagicha |Shantinagar |Malibagh | |0% |8% |2% |0% |4% | |Dhanmondi |Mohammadpur |Lalmatia |Mirpur |Gulshan | |8% |8% |0% |10% |8% | |Banani |DOHS |Baridhara |Uttara |Others | |4% |2% |2% |14% |30% | (b). General Part 09. I recognize Nike by Logo |Name |Logo & Name | |30% |6% |64% | 14. I know about Nike from (Rank in order of importance i. e. – 1,2,3 etc) |TV |Newspaper |Billboards |Magazine |Internet |Friends | |1 |6 |5 |2 |3 |4 | 15. If I buy Nike the most important fe ature to me would be (Rank in order of importance i. e. – 1,2,3 ) Self Image |Style |Color |Status | |6 |5 |4 |3 | |Price |Need Fulfillment |Original |Country of Origin | |8 |2 |1 |7 | 16. Please rank the following brands based on price, quality & performance (i. e. – 1, 2, 3 etc) |Fila |Reebok |Puma |Nike |Adidas |Others | |Price |5 |2 |4 |1 |3 |6 | |Quality |5 |3 |4 |1 |2 |6 | |Performance |4 |2 |5 |1 |3 |6 | 06. SURVEY ANALYSIS Most of our respondents said they recognize Nike by logo and name, because Nike symbols along with their name are stamped on shoes worldwide and also on various garments. The advertising emphasis of the use of Nike shoes by prominent sportsmen tends to make consumers feel that wearing Nike shoes is a form of smartness. The brand image is high because people who wear Nike shoes in general, are convinced that Nike keeps up to its standard and also after using Nike shoes, they are satisfied with the quality of the shoes and the purpose for which they bought the shoes. People think that price of Nike is high, because in comparison to other brands like Adidas, Reebok, Puma and Fila, the price is a bit on the high side. The price data collected from the outlets proved people’s perception to be true. Rich people because of their attempt to enhance their status symbol usually buy goods of reputed brands, so more rich people tend to buy Nike shoes. Athletes tend to buy Nike shoes because of the comfort and Nike has always promoted itself as being a sports oriented shoe company. In its advertisement, Nike has used mostly sportsmen like Andre Agassi and Michel Jordan to convey this message. Nike shoes ensure high performance for various sports activities and are smooth when it comes to running or playing sports and are durable, so people tend to think that Nike is suitable mostly for sports activities. Brand loyal customers are used to the comfort in using Nike brand, but when using other brands they don’t feel the same level of comfort or satisfaction that they get from Nike. As a reason they stick to using Nike shoes and for them it is a status symbol. Majority of our respondents were reluctant to buy Nike shoe, although they perceived Nike having a high brand image, maybe of the high pricing of Nike shoes. Since they do not have much disposable income, they cannot afford to buy Nike shoe (yet they wish to buy) and resort to buying cheaper brands like Fila and Puma, although they know that the quality of Nike is much better. In Bangladesh because of the cable television, people are exposed to enormous amount of foreign medium. People are exposed to Nike shoes advertisement on foreign channels, so majority said they came to know about Nike shoes first on television. Also in Bangladesh a lot of foreign magazines including sports magazines are available. From these magazines, in hich Nike ads are depicted, people came to know a great deal about Nike shoes. In the Bangladeshi newspapers, there are hardly any ads of Nike shoes, so only a tiny portion of our respondents came to know about Nike shoes from newspaper The people in Banglades h who intend to buy Nike first see whether the Nike shoe is original. Consumers want original shoes because of their status and self-esteem and it helps them fulfill their ego need. Price comes last for these customers, because most consumers can afford the price. 07. CONCLUSION Nike manufacturers have tried to create a distinct positioning of the Nike shoe in terms of quality and satisfaction in comparison to its other competitors i. e. – Adidas, Reebok etc. People in Bangladesh have found Nike to be of high quality and to be of great satisfaction to them, but due to their income limitations, most of people are uncertain as to whether they will buy a Nike shoe now or in the near future. Manufacturers have tried to create a distinct image of Nike in consumers mind, which proved to be successful according to our survey result. From the survey we found that Nike is perceived as a high priced & high brand image shoe in the consumers mind. Thus it can be said that Nike is a mega brand in Bangladesh, like it is in other parts of the world. 08. BIBLIOGRAPHY (i). www. nike. com (ii). Consumer Behavior, LEON, G. SCHIFFMAN AND LESLIE LAZAR, 8th Ed, Pearson Education, Singapore.

The Value and Nature of Music

In this essay I wish to portray the value of music firstly to me and then to people I have asked and also what different styles of music do for them and my self and I will also ask what is the nature of the music that they like and how it affects them on a day to day basis and the question I will ask them is what music means to them and what values does it hold. I will ask 10 people and use there answers to write this essay. I would like to start by saying that all people in this essay were asked prior to writing about them and that I am not using any of the people's real names for confidentiality. I value music very much as I have always played and listened to various styles of music. On my shelf at home I have different styles of music ranging from classical to R n B to rock. So I feel I have a wide taste in music. I have also played many different styles on my 3 main instruments as I play clarinet I have played classical and jazz on that. I also play bass guitar and I have played blues, rock n roll, heavy rock etc. on that and I am a drummer and I have played samba, rock, funk, jazz and many other styles of music. I enjoy playing all of these as I find it helps me to relax and control my emotions as I let my emotion out in the style of music I play, music is an age old way of expressing emotions through sound right back from the cave man days to the times of Jesus and the Tudors and Victorians right through to today's music. The most popular style changes from generation to generation but we would still call it â€Å"pop† music as that's what is popular at the time. Their for the nature of the music I choose to play is one of my emotions thus giving the listener (if any) the sense that I am happy or sad or excited for example, if I played some twelve bar blues on my bass it would probably remind you of sadness or the slave trade that would up set you but if I played some funk it would probably lift your emotions to make you happy like a major or minor chord has that effect different styles of music also have that effect. Other people I asked gave me different responses. One guy said that he only values his own style of music and that all other music has no value. This person is defiantly close minded about the type of music he likes and that all other music is I quote â€Å"crap† and that the nature of his music was the way of life. Looking at the way the guy was dressed I think he listened to hardcore rock music and that he was a bit gothic (I say a bit I actually mean a lot) I also got told by some people that they find the nature of some music unsuitable for children as x-rated lyrics stop younger children listening to it. I agree with this as music is for everyone not just the over 18's so music that includes x rated lyrics should not be aloud to be produced, and of the 10 people I have spoken two 8 agree with me. In the nature of music i would say that on a day to day basis I listen to approximately 4 – 5 hours of different styles of music. And with my choice of track my mood changes and so does the quality of the work I am doing at the time. For example I am currently listening to some drum and bass. So I am typing quite fast and my mood is bouncy, But if I was to listen to some more relaxing music such as some r n b or some blues music the speed I type would slow down and the mood I am in would drop from being quite happy to a bit down and lazy feeling so I would probably take a break from my work. I asked the same 10 people how they use music in the nature of their life. Below are some of the responses I received 1) I use music at work because it helps me through the day 2) I don't use music in my life (to which I replied not even in the shower when your humming or whistling a song the response I got is repeatable) 3) I study music as a degree so it is in my life â€Å"big time† 4) I listen to music in the morning in my car 5) Er,,,,,,, music you mean like heavy rock (this person was a bit dence) These responses were my favourite as it shows what different peoples views are on music. Overall I think that the value and nature of music affects everyone is completely different and the question I am asking is does different styles of music affect the way you behave in society?

10 Facts About the Geography of the Pacific Northwest

10 Facts About the Geography of the Pacific Northwest The Pacific Northwest is the region of the western United States located adjacent to the Pacific Ocean. It runs north to south from British Columbia, Canada, to Oregon. Idaho, parts of Montana, northern California, and southeastern Alaska are also listed as parts of the Pacific Northwest in some accounts. Much of the Pacific Northwest consists of rural forested land; however, there are several large population centers which include Seattle and Tacoma, Washington, Vancouver, British Columbia, and Portland, Oregon. The region of the Pacific Northwest has a long history that was mainly occupied by various Native American groups. Most of these groups are believed to have been engaged in hunting and gathering as well as fishing. Today, there are still visible artifacts from the Pacific Northwests early inhabitants as well as thousands of descendants that still practice historic Native American culture. What to Know About the Pacific Northwest One of the first United States claims to the lands of the Pacific Northwest region came after Lewis and Clark explored the area in the early 1800s.The Pacific Northwest is highly active geologically. The region is dotted with several large active volcanoes in the Cascade Mountain Range. Such volcanoes include such Mount Shasta in northern California, Mount Hood in Oregon, Mount Saint Helens and Rainier in Washington and Mount Garibaldi in British Columbia.There are four mountain ranges dominating the Pacific Northwest. They are the Cascade Range, the Olympic Range, the Coast Range and parts of the Rocky Mountains.Mount Rainier is the highest mountain in the Pacific Northwest at 14,410 feet (4,392 m).The Columbia River, which begins in the Columbia Plateau in western Idaho and flows through the Cascades to the Pacific Ocean, has the second-largest flow of water (behind the Mississippi River) than any other river in the lower 48 states.In general, the Pacific Northwest has a wet and co ol climate which has led to the growth of extensive forests featuring some of the largest trees in the world. The regions coastal forests are considered temperate rainforests. More inland, however, the climate can be drier with more harsh winters and warmer summers. The economy of the Pacific Northwest is varied, but some of the worlds largest and most successful technology companies such as Microsoft, Intel, Expedia, and Amazon.com are located in the region.Aerospace is also an important industry in the Pacific Northwest as Boeing was founded in Seattle and currently  some of its operations  in the Seattle area. Air Canada has a large hub at the Vancouver International Airport.The Pacific Northwest is considered an educational center for both the United States and Canada as large universities such as the University of Washington, the University of Oregon and the University of British Columbia are located there.The dominant ethnic groups of the Pacific Northwest are Caucasian, Mexican and Chinese.